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The nurse can encounter the anxious patient anywhere in the hospital or community. In the severe and panic stages of anxiety, the nurse needs to intervene to promote patient safety. The person may be unable to make decisions. His or her thinking skills become limited and irrational. The person in a panic stage of anxiety has distorted perceptions of the situation. The person with severe anxiety begins to manifest excessive autonomic nervous system signs of the fight-or-flight stress response. Severe anxiety is associated with increasing emotional and physical feelings of discomfort. The person with moderate anxiety may be more creative and more effective in solving problems. Moderate anxiety is associated with a narrowing of the person’s perception of the situation. Mild anxiety can enhance a person’s perception of the environment and readiness to respond. Anxiety is generally categorized into four levels: mild, moderate, severe, and panic. These pathological anxiety disorders include panic attacks, social phobias, specific phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Some people are able to use the emotional edge that anxiety provokes to stimulate creativity or problem-solving abilities others can become immobilized to a pathological degree. Each individual’s experience with anxiety is different. It is an alerting signal that warns of impending danger and enables the individual to take measures to deal with the threat.Īnxiety represents an emotional response to environmental stressors and is therefore part of the person’s stress response. The range of hypersensitivity reactions to latex rubber includes mild to severe contact dermatitis, respiratory allergic symptoms, and anaphylaxis.ĭefinition: Vague, uneasy feeling of discomfort or dread accompanied by an autonomic response (the source often nonspecific or unknown to the individual) a feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger. Natural latex rubber allergies are IgE-mediated reactions to at least 10 different low-molecular-weight, water-soluble proteins contained in the rubber tree sap. People with a variety of food allergies and sensitivities also have increased risk for latex allergy. Evidence indicates a high incidence of latex allergy in people with spina bifida who have had multiple surgeries in childhood.
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Another group of people at risk are those who undergo repeated surgeries, especially if the surgeries begin in childhood. People employed in industries that manufacture latex rubber products are at risk, too. The people at highest risk for latex allergy include those who wear latex gloves as part of their jobs, such as health care workers, food service workers, housekeepers, and hairdressers. Soft rubber products such as gloves have the highest content of latex protein and the most potential to cause an allergic response. The incidence of latex allergy increased after 1985 with the introduction of standard precautions to prevent the spread of bloodborne pathogens such as the human immunodeficiency virus. Products made from synthetic rubber may be called latex but do not contain the proteins known to cause an allergic response. Latex allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction to the proteins in natural rubber latex derived from the sap of the rubber tree, Hevea brasiliensis. Older patients, who have an increased incidence of emphysema and a higher prevalence of chronic cough or sputum production, are at high risk.ĭefinition: A hypersensitive reaction to natural latex rubber products Ineffective airway clearance can be an acute (e.g., postoperative recovery) or chronic (e.g., from cerebrovascular accident or spinal cord injury) problem. Likewise, conditions that cause increased production of secretions (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis, chemical irritants) can overtax these mechanisms. Factors such as anesthesia and dehydration can affect function of the mucociliary system. Other mechanisms that exist in the lower bronchioles and alveoli to maintain the airway include the mucociliary system, macrophages, and the lymphatics. However, the cough may be ineffective in both normal and disease states secondary to factors such as pain from surgical incisions or trauma, respiratory muscle fatigue, or neuromuscular weakness. Coughing is the main mechanism for clearing the airway. Maintaining a patent airway is vital to life. Definition: Inability to clear secretions or obstructions from the respiratory tract to maintain a clear airway